However, the couplet at the end increases the difficulty of the English sonnet, since it must summarize the impact of the preceding quatrains in two lines. Its greater number of rhymes possibly makes it easier to write than the Petrarchan sonnet. The rhyme scheme of the English sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg. The Elizabethans gradually developed the English sonnet: three quatrains ( stanzas of four lines), each having an independent rhyme scheme, followed by a rhymed couplet. The new forms gave rise to Elizabethan lyric poetry, and the period marks the peak of the sonnet’s English popularity. Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, introduced the sonnet and other Italian verse forms to England in the 16th century. Or hear old Triton blow his wreathèd horn. Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea Have glimpses that would make meless forlorn
So might I, standing on this pleasant lea, It moves us not.-Great God! I’d rather be The winds that will be howling at all hours,Īnd are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers,įor this, for everything, we are out of tune This Sea that bares her bosom to the moon We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon! Getting and spending, we lay wasteour powers One of the best-known examples of a Petrarchan sonnet in English is William Wordsworth’s early 19th-century sonnet “The World Is Too Much with Us” (which has the rhyme scheme abbaabba cdcdcd): The world is too much with us late and soon, In most cases the form was adapted to the principal meter of the country’s language-for example, the alexandrine (12-syllable iambic line) in France and iambic pentameter in English. The Petrarchan sonnet became a major influence on European poetry, soon spreading to Spain, Portugal, France, and eastern Europe. The rhyme scheme of the sestet has several variations, including cdecde, cdcdcd, or cdedce. The octave is rhymed abbaabba-meaning that the last word of the first line rhymes with those of the fourth, fifth, and eighth lines (the a rhymes) and the last word of the second line rhymes with those of the third, sixth, and seventh lines (the b rhymes). They resolve the problem, answer the question, or relieve the tension. The last six lines are called the sestet. They state a problem, ask a question, or express an emotional tension. The first eight lines are called the octave. The Petrarchan sonnet treats its theme in two parts. His Canzoniere-a sequence of poems including 317 sonnets-established and perfected the Petrarchan sonnet. It reached its height of popularity in the 14th century in the love poems of Petrarch.
The sonnet form seems to have originated in the 13th century among Italian court poets.
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